Learning to read datasheets

The first time I looked at a proper component datasheet I closed it immediately. But datasheets are the thing that separates guessing from knowing and once you understand the structure, they're actually really readable. The sections that matter most to start are:

Absolute Maximum Ratings (the values you cannot exceed)
Recommended Operating Conditions (the values you should stay within)
Electrical Characteristics table (the actual behavior specs)
Application Circuits section at the back (real-world use examples).

Everything else is additional context, so start with a simple 555 timer datasheet or an LM7805 regulator.

There is no substitute for datasheets, once you learn the structure, you stop guessing and start designing with confidence instead. Those sections are exactly where beginners should focus.

I’ve been retired for 11 years, but I still keep my nose in circuits. Without the data sheet, I wouldn’t know which pin on an IC does what, or even which pin on a transistor is the base.

Specs are vital, app notes are wonderful!

Ever wonder why we have thousands of different types of transistors? 2N2022, 2N3904, 2N4044, BC547, BC558... these are all pretty similar, small signal NPN BJTs widely used in audio, switching, and even RF up into the low MHz range. One can usually stand in for another in any application. Why not just one? Many of us will see one called for in a circuit, look at what does in that circuit--is it used as an amplifier or a switch, is it part of an oscillator, how much power dissipation, how high is Vce--and after ten to twenty seconds of painstaking circuit analysis, drop in their favorite transistor from their bench stock and it will work perfectly 99.9% of the time. So why not just one?
Well, because they are all different, and depending on what the important parameters are for your particular design, one of them will be better than the rest. Most designs are not so critical that the choice matters, but sometimes you need a high Ft, or high Beta, or high Vce, or higher power dissipation, or really low Vce(sat), low noise figure, or.... When a parameter is really important, you need to look at the datasheet. All transistors that look the same are not necessarily the same.
If I'm working on a high gain mic preamp, I won't drop in a 2N2022 or 2N3904--they are too noisy--I'll search the web for the lowest noise transistor I can find. We used to look them up in databooks. I had a whole library of databooks back in the '80s, hundreds of them. The web makes it so easy to find parts now. BTW--for a good one stop shop for transistor data go to alltransistors.com.